Species identification of Oetzi's clothing with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry based on peptide pattern similarities of hair digests.

Identification of ancient biological samples from the 1991-discovered and more than 5300-year-old Tyrolean mummy, also called iceman or Oetzi, is very difficult. The species of origins of four animal-hair-bearing samples of the accoutrement of the mummy not yet diagnosed were identified by a special proteomics method. Ha 43/91/130 and Ha 6/91, two samples from his coat, and Ha 5/91, a sample from his leggings, were assigned to sheep. The upper leather of his moccasins, Ha 2/91, was made from cattle. Despite the enormous age of these samples with partial (bio)chemical alterations, reliable identification was possible using a recently developed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric ((MALDI-TOF MS)-based analytical method. The method is exclusively based on the analysis of proteins and uses minute amounts of peptides directly derived from tryptic hair digests without any separation or enrichment steps. Unknown species are identified by comparison of their peptide ion patterns with known spectra stored in existing databases. Hereby, the correlation distance, a form of Euclidean distance, and deduced parameters are used to measure similarities. If more than one potential hit remains, specific diagnostic peptide ions are used to stepwise exclude incorrect matches. These ions are specific for orders, families, subfamilies/genera and/or even species. Peptide mass fingerprinting data combined with those from collision-induced dissociation spectra (combined MS & MS/MS) were used for interpretation with the MASCOT search engine and the NCBI database to find the potential parentage of hair proteins. For this technique, selected precursor ions were identified as specific diagnostic peptide ions.

Florilegio de paleopatología vascular: paleoangiología / Select writings in vascular paleopathology: paleoangiology

El conocimiento de la angiología es complejo y, cuando pretendemos profundizar en el pasado, es preciso recurrir a los aspectos documentados en los tratados de historia de la medicina. La paleopatología es una ciencia que puede demostrar la existencia de enfermedades en la antigüedad y retroceder en el tiempo más allá del testimonio escrito, incluso hasta el origen de la vida, y en todo caso, del hombre. Definimos la paleoangiología como el estudio de las vasculopatías sobre restos humanos antiguos, momificados o esqueletales. El análisis de estos restos durante los últimos 150 años ha generado un amplio registro de lesiones relacionadas con el aparato circulatorio y permite observar los lejanos arcanos de la mayor parte de la patología angiológica que hoy diagnosticamos y tratamos. La patología vascular evoluciona con el propio género humano, y es éste el medio en el cual la enfermedad aparece, se desarrolla y produce sus efectos lesivos o deletéreos. Sorprende el hallazgo de algunas de estas enfermedades, en especial de la aterosclerosis, con una prevalencia inesperada en sociedades cuyos factores de riesgo no se corresponden con los de la actualidad; ello puede generar reflexión e incluso debate. En cualquier caso, este artículo pretende llamar la atención sobre un aspecto apenas conocido de la angiología antigua, que ayuda a contextualizar nuestro trabajo en un marco científico y erudito (AU)

Contributions of paleorheumatology to understanding contemporary disease.

As paleopathology has evolved from observational speculation to analysis of testable hypotheses, so too has recognition of its contribution to vertebrate paleontology. In the presence of significant structural and density variation (between matrix and osseous structures), x-rays provide an additional perspective of osseous response to stress and disease. As film techniques are time and cost expensive, fluoroscopy has proven a valuable alternative. Radiologic techniques also allow non-invasive "sectioning" of specimens, illustrating significant internal detail. The object can be "split" on a plane and the two portions rotated to "open" the image. This three-dimensional approach now can be applied to other forms of sequential data to their facilitate 3-dimensional representation graphically or with solid representations. Antigen and microstructure may be well preserved in fossils. Molecular preservation with retention of helical structure and sensitivity to collagenase has been demonstrated in 10,000 year old collagen. Antigen has been extracted from 100 million year old bone and documented, in situ, in 11,000 year old bone. If the appropriate site in the tissue is assessed, if antigen is still present, and if the appropriate antisera is utilized, fixation of the antibody to the specimen can be detected. Minute amounts of DNA can be amplified and analyzed. Recovery of DNA from a 40,000 year old mammoth, 17,000 year old bison and from 25 million year old insects provides opportunity for cloning and independent assessment of relationships. Implications of available technology focuses direction for development of collaborative approaches.

[3D computer-assisted ENT biopsies of the Iceman]. / 3D-computerunterstützte HNO-Biopsien des Eismannes.

The University of Innsbruck possesses a unique prehistoric, completely conserved 5300-year-old human cadaver. We report our experiences during which ENT specialists collected samples from various cavities inside the Iceman. Guidance of biopsy instruments was accomplished with computer-assisted navigation based on Interventional Video Tomography. This technology allows surgical guidance by interlinking currently available imaging modalities with live endoscopic video. The system operates without patient fixation and is practically free of external contact. Apart from sterility, special precautionary measures were necessary to avoid contamination with heavy metals or microorganisms. Visual inspection of the samples of mucosa from the nose, maxillary sinus and larynx revealed the typical patterns of a human cadaver without overt pathology.